X-Git-Url: http://git.tuebingen.mpg.de/?p=aple.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=Unix_Concepts.m4;h=3841c01348f9f75c1844197299a3a920d69ed015;hp=ae0c4ecf603fbc41fcb1a5e8ceed77f4e79947ec;hb=HEAD;hpb=e9a3585174e0fda1ac580d0e720f7ecc48bb9e9f diff --git a/Unix_Concepts.m4 b/Unix_Concepts.m4 index ae0c4ec..fb3a122 100644 --- a/Unix_Concepts.m4 +++ b/Unix_Concepts.m4 @@ -145,18 +145,34 @@ interface based on the X window system facilitated cheap workstations which ran a complete open source software stack.
The success of Linux, or GNU/Linux as some prefer to -call it for reasons that should now be clear, has only increased -over time, to the point where commercial Unix systems are mostly -irrelevant. Today Linux runs on a wide variety of machines ranging -from supercomputers to workstations, smart phones and IOT (internet -of things) devices with very limited resources. - -
The same companies which almost killed Unix by commercializing it -in order to maximize their profit make money with Linux today. However, -they had to adjust their business model in order to comply with the -GPL. Rather than selling proprietary software, they bundle open source -software and sell support to paying customers. Some companies also -sell hardware with Linux pre-installed.
+call it for reasons that should now be clear, steadily increased over +time. In 2003 the SCO group, a company which sold a proprietary Unix +system, was unhappy about this progress and sued IBM, which offered +various Linux products. SCO claimed to be the owner of Unix, and that +Linux contained "millions of lines" of code copied from Unix. SCO's +lawyers argued that the success of Linux originated from this theft +of intellectual property and asked for $5 billion as compensation +for the resulting losses. The company also tried to collect taxes +from other Linux users. Microsoft funded SCO in these efforts. + +In the end SCO lost the lawsuit since it was evident that all that +copied code never existed. In fact, the court ruled that SCO did not +even own the Unix copyrights to begin with. Another fun fact is that +the large number of bugs in the early Linux code actually helped to +prove that Linux was original work. The long term effects of this +lawsuit, an improved position of Linux and its ecosystem, last until +the presence. Commercial Unix systems have become irrelevant as Linux +runs on a wide variety of machines ranging from supercomputers to +workstations, smart phones and IOT (internet of things) devices with +very limited resources.
+ +While SCO went bankrupt eventually, some of the companies which +almost killed Unix by maximizing their own profit still exist, and +make money with Linux today. However, they had to adjust their +business model in order to comply with the GPL. Rather than selling +proprietary software, they bundle open source software and sell +support to paying customers. Some companies also sell hardware with +Linux pre-installed.
SUBSECTION(«Linux Distributions») @@ -202,10 +218,6 @@ EXERCISES()uname -a
on various Unix machines to see the
OS type and the kernel version. aptitude search
python
to list all python-related Ubuntu packages. Run
aptitude show python-biopython
to see the description
@@ -553,8 +557,8 @@ EXERCISES()
HOMEWORK(«
Think about printers, sound cards, or displays as a file. Specifically,
-describe what open, read
, and write
should
-mean for these devices.
+describe what open
, read
, and write
+should mean for these devices.
», «
@@ -566,9 +570,10 @@ printers could return the number of paper trays, the amount of toner
left etc. Writing to the file descriptor would cause output on the
device. This would mean to print the text that is written, play the
audio samples, or show the given text on the display. The point to
-take away is that the open, read, write
interface is a
-generic concept that works for different kinds of devices, not only
-for storing data in a file on a hard disk.
+take away is that the open
, read
,
+write
interface is a generic concept that works for
+different kinds of devices, not only for storing data in a file on a
+hard disk.
»)
@@ -796,11 +801,11 @@ as described below.
- | Directories | -Non-directories | ++ | Directories | +Non-directories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r |
+ r |
The permission to list the directory contents. More precisely,
this bit grants the permission to call opendir(3)
@@ -813,7 +818,7 @@ as described below.
fail for other reasons, though.
| ||||||||
w |
+ w |
The permission to add or remove directory entries. That is, to create new files or to remove existing files. Note that write @@ -827,7 +832,7 @@ as described below. permissions. | ||||||||
x |
+ x |
The permission to search the directory. Searching
a directory means to access its entries, either by retrieving
@@ -858,9 +863,9 @@ three digits.
|